Southeast Asian (neorealist and constructivist) scholarship on peace and conflicts often assume the natural monopoly of states as agents in the security game. Also regional political rhetoric emphasize the role of states as actors of security. Yet member-states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations have never had militarized inter-state disputes1 that have lead to casualties, while all the main conflicts in the region have been fought between civil society movements and states (or two or several civil society movements). Thus challenges to Southeast Asian security clearly do not come from state actors, but from non-state actors.